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Inverter applications
The following are examples of inverter applications.
[edit] DC power source utilization
Inverter designed to provide 115 VAC from the 12 VDC source provided in an automobile
An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as
batteries,
solar panels, or
fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can then be used to operate AC equipment such as those that are plugged in to most house hold electrical outlets.
[edit] Uninterruptible power supplies
One type of
uninterruptible power supply uses batteries to store power and an inverter to supply AC power from the batteries when main power is not available. When main power is restored, a
rectifier is used to supply DC power to recharge the batteries. A UPS is a device which supplies the stored electrical power to the load in case of raw power cut-off or Blackout.
[edit] Induction heating
Inverters convert low frequency main AC power to a higher frequency for use in
induction heating. To do this, AC power is first
rectified to provide DC power. The inverter then changes the DC power to high frequency AC power.
[edit] High-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission
With
HVDC power transmission, AC power is rectified and high voltage DC power is transmitted to another location. At the receiving location, an inverter in a
static inverter plant converts the power back to AC.
[edit] Variable-frequency drives
Main article: variable-frequency drive
A
variable-frequency drive controls the operating speed of an AC motor by controlling the frequency and voltage of the power supplied to the motor. An inverter provides the controlled power. In most cases, the variable-frequency drive includes a
rectifier so that DC power for the inverter can be provided from main AC power. Since an inverter is the key component, variable-frequency drives are sometimes called inverter drives or just inverters.
[edit] Electric vehicle drives
Adjustable speed motor control inverters are currently used to power the
traction motor in some
electric locomotives and
diesel-electric locomotives as well as some
battery electric vehicles and
hybrid electric highway vehicles such as the
Toyota Prius. Various improvements in inverter technology are being developed specifically for electric vehicle applications.
[1] In vehicles with
regenerative braking, the inverter also takes power from the motor (now acting as a generator) and stores it in the batteries.
[edit] Inverter circuit description
Simple inverter circuit shown with an electromechanical switch and with a transistor switch
[edit] Basic inverter designs
In one simple inverter circuit, DC power is connected to a
transformer through the centre tap of the primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow current to flow back to the DC source following two alternate paths through one end of the primary winding and then the other. The alternation of the direction of current in the primary winding of the transformer produces
alternating current (AC) in the secondary circuit.
The electromechanical version of the switching device includes two stationary contacts and a spring supported moving contact. The spring holds the movable contact against one of the stationary contacts and an electromagnet pulls the movable contact to the opposite stationary contact. The current in the electromagnet is interrupted by the action of the switch so that the switch continually switches rapidly back and forth. This type of electromechanical inverter switch, called a
vibrator or buzzer, was once used in
vacuum tube automobile radios. A similar mechanism has been used in door bells, buzzers and
tattoo guns.
As they have become available,
transistors and various other types of
semiconductor switches have been incorporated into inverter circuit designs.
Square waveform with fundamental sine wave component, 3rd harmonic and 5th harmonic